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<title>Oatmeal</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oatmeal</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Oatmeal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oatmeal (disambiguation)">Oatmeal (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Oatmeal</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Rolled oats (uncooked)</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">White oats</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a> <a href="Groat_(grain)" title="Groat (grain)">groats</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Oatmeal" class="extiw external" title="b:Cookbook:Oatmeal">Cookbook: Oatmeal</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oatmeal" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Oatmeal">Media: Oatmeal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Oatmeal</b> is a <a href="Rolled_oats" title="Rolled oats">preparation of oats</a> that have been <a href="Dehusked" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehusked">dehusked</a>, <a href="Steaming" title="Steaming">steamed</a>, and flattened, or a coarse <a href="Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> of <a href="Hulled" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulled">hulled</a> <a href="Oat" title="Oat">oat</a> grains (<a href="Groat_(grain)" title="Groat (grain)">groats</a>) that have either been <a href="Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milled (ground)</a>, <a href="Grain_flaker" title="Grain flaker">rolled</a>, or <a href="Steel-cut_oats" title="Steel-cut oats">steel-cut</a>. Ground oats are also called white oats. Steel-cut oats are known as coarse oatmeal, Irish oatmeal, or pinhead oats. <a href="Rolled_oats" title="Rolled oats">Rolled oats</a> were traditionally thick old-fashioned oats, but they can be made thinner or smaller and may be categorized as quick oatmeal or instant oatmeal depending on the cooking time required, which is determined by the size of the oats and the amount of precooking.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_preparation_and_varieties">Industrial preparation and varieties</h2></div>

<p>The oat grains are <a href="Dehusked" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehusked">dehusked</a> by impact, and are then heated and cooled to stabilize the groats, the seed inside the husk. The groats may be milled to produce fine, medium, or coarse oatmeal.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Rolled oats are oats that have been steamed, flattened by a "flaking roller", and dried. Old-fashioned rolled oats are made from whole oat groats and may be thick and require longer cooking time. Quick-cooking rolled oats are made from steel-cut oats and rolled somewhat thinner. Instant oatmeal is made from more finely cut oats and rolled even thinner, often with a sweetener and flavorings added.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Unenriched oatmeal, cooked with water</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">297 kJ (71 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">12 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.7 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">2.5 g</div></td></tr>

<th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th>

</tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.08 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.02 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.23 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.197 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.005 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 6 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.08 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.3 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 9 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.9 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 27 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">26%</div> 0.6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 77 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 70 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">

</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">83.6</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/173905/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the <a href="National_Academies_of_Sciences%2C_Engineering%2C_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies</a><sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>All types of rolled oats may be eaten uncooked, as in <a href="Muesli" title="Muesli">muesli</a>, or cooked with water or milk to make <a href="Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>. In some countries, rolled oats are eaten raw or toasted with milk and sugar, sometimes with raisins added, as in muesli. The term <i>oatmeal</i> sometimes refers to a porridge made from the bran or fibrous husk as well as from the kernel or groat.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rolled oats are often used as a key ingredient in <a href="Granola" title="Granola">granola</a>, in which toasted oats are blended with sugar and/or nuts and raisins, and in <a href="Granola_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Granola bar">granola bars</a>.

</p><p>Rolled oats are also used as an ingredient in <a href="Oatmeal_cookie" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatmeal cookie">oatmeal cookies</a>, <a href="Oatcake" title="Oatcake">oatcakes</a>, British <a href="Flapjack_(oat_bar)" title="Flapjack (oat bar)">flapjack</a> bars, and baked oatmeal <a href="Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a> dishes such as <a href="Apple_Brown_Betty" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Brown Betty">apple Brown Betty</a> and <a href="Apple_crisp" title="Apple crisp">apple crisp</a>. Oats may also be added to foods as an accent, as in the topping on many oat bran breads and as the coating on <a href="Caboc" title="Caboc">Caboc</a> cheese. Oatmeal is also used as a thickening agent in savory Arabic or Egyptian meat-and-vegetable soups, and sometimes as a way of adding relatively low-cost fibre and nutritional content to <a href="Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">meatloaf</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div>

<p>Unenriched oatmeal, cooked by boiling or <a href="Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwaving</a>, is 84% water and contains 12% <a href="Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, including 2% <a href="Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, and 2% each of <a href="Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and <a href="Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In a 100-gram amount, a serving of cooked oatmeal provides 71 <a href="Calories" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">Calories</a> and contains 29% of the <a href="Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV) for <a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and moderate content of <a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (11% DV each), with no other <a href="Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in a significant quantity (see table on right).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3></div>

<p>Oatmeal and other oat products were the subject of a 1997 ruling by the <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> that consuming oat bran or whole rolled oats can lower the risk of <a href="Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> when combined with a <a href="Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">low-fat diet</a> via the effect of <a href="Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">oat beta-glucan</a> to reduce levels of <a href="Blood_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cholesterol">blood cholesterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar conclusion was reached in 2010 by the <a href="European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A 2023 review found oat consumption can significantly lower <a href="Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div>

<p>In Ireland, <b>stirabout</b> (<a href="Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">leite</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was formerly a staple food, made by stirring oatmeal into boiling water or <a href="Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> to form a thin soup. It could be flavoured with cream, sugar, butter, salt, honey, seeds or fruit on top.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Because of its cheapness, and the ease with which it could be prepared in large quantities, stirabout was widely served in institutions like prisons, <a href="Boarding_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding schools">boarding schools</a>, <a href="Convent" title="Convent">convents</a>, and <a href="Workhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Workhouses">workhouses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in 1863, children in workhouses received stirabout for their breakfast: made of half oats and half <a href="Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a>, each child got 5 oz (140 g) of meal and 0.5 imp pt (0.28 L) of milk.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 1891, district <a href="Mental_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental asylum">asylum</a> inmates got 6–8 oz (170–230 g) of meal in stirabout every morning.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in the 20th century, prisoners got between 0.5 imp pt (0.28 L) and 1 imp pt (0.57 L) of stirabout for breakfast in many Irish jails.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3></div>

<p>Oatmeal has a long history in <a href="Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a> culinary tradition because oats are better suited than <a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> to the country's low temperatures and high humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, oats became the staple grain of Scotland. The <a href="Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient universities of Scotland</a> had a holiday called <a href="Meal_Monday" title="Meal Monday">Meal Monday</a> to permit students to return to their farms and collect more oats for food.

</p><p><a href="Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> referred, disparagingly, to this in <a href="A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">his dictionary</a> definition for oats: "A grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people." His biographer, <a href="James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a>, noted that <a href="Patrick_Murray%2C_5th_Lord_Elibank" title="Patrick Murray, 5th Lord Elibank">Lord Elibank</a> was said by Sir <a href="Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> to have retorted, "Yes, and where else will you see such horses and such men?"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In Scotland, oatmeal is created by grinding oats into a coarse powder.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be ground fine, medium, or coarse, or <a href="Rolled_oats" title="Rolled oats">rolled</a>, or the groats may be chopped in two or three pieces to make what is described as pinhead oatmeal.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground oatmeal, rolled oats, and pinhead oatmeal are all used throughout Britain; one Scots manufacturer describes varieties as "Scottish Porridge Oats" (rolled), "Scottish Oatmeal" (medium ground), and "Pinhead Oatmeal".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main uses are:

</p>

<ul><li>Traditional <a href="Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Brose" title="Brose">Brose</a>: a thick mixture made with uncooked oatmeal (or medium oatmeal that has been dry toasted by stirring it around in a dry pot over heat until it turns a slightly darker shade and emits a sweet, nutty fragrance) and then adding butter or cream. Quick-cooking <a href="Rolled_oats" title="Rolled oats">rolled oats</a> (distinct from "instant" variations) are often used for this purpose nowadays because they are quicker to prepare.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Gruel" title="Gruel">Gruel</a>, made by mixing oatmeal with cold water that is strained and heated for the benefit of infants and people recovering from illness.</li>

<li>as an ingredient in baking</li>

<li>in the manufacture of <a href="Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">bannocks</a> or <a href="Oatcake" title="Oatcake">oatcakes</a></li>

<li>as a stuffing for <a href="Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a></li>

<li>as a coating for <a href="Caboc" title="Caboc">Caboc</a> cheese</li>

<li>as the main ingredient of the Scottish dish <a href="Skirlie" title="Skirlie">skirlie</a>, or its chip-shop counterpart, the deep-fried thickly-battered <a href="White_pudding" title="White pudding">mealy pudding</a></li>

<li>mixed with sheep's blood, salt, and pepper to make Highland <a href="Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">black pudding</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">marag dubh</i></span>).</li>

<li>mixed with fat, water, onions, and seasoning, and boiled in a sheep's intestine to make <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">marag geal</i></span><i>,</i> Outer Hebridean <a href="White_pudding" title="White pudding">white pudding</a>, served sliced with fried eggs at breakfast. A sweeter version with dried fruit is also known.</li>

<li>as a major component of <a href="Haggis" title="Haggis">haggis</a>.</li>

<li>in <i><a href="Sowans" title="Sowans">sowans</a></i>, not strictly made from the meal but as a porridge-like dish made from the fermented inner husks of oats<sup id="cite_ref-McNeill_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</h3></div>

<p><a href="Staffordshire_oatcake" title="Staffordshire oatcake">Staffordshire oatcakes</a> are a local component of the <a href="Full_English_breakfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Full English breakfast">full English breakfast</a>. It is a plate-sized pancake, made with medium oatmeal and wheatmeal (flour), along with yeast. Once the mixture has risen, it is ladled onto a griddle or bakestone and dried through. Staffordshire oatcakes are commonly paired with bacon, sausages, mushrooms, kidney, and baked beans, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related oatcake is sometimes found in neighbouring <a href="Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands,_the_Nordic_countries,_the_Baltics_and_Russia">The Netherlands, the Nordic countries, the Baltics and Russia</h3></div>

<p>Throughout the Netherlands, the Nordic countries, the Baltic states and Russia, oatmeal porridge made from rolled oats and water or milk is a traditional breakfast staple. Known under various local names meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">oat porridge</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">oat flake porridge</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">oatmeal porridge</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, it is normally made either savoury or sweet by adding salt or sugar, and it is often eaten with added nuts, raisins or dried fruits as well as spices, most commonly cinnamon. Local names for the porridge include <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">havermoutpap</i></span>, <a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">havregrynsgröt</i></span>, <a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">havregrød</i></span>, <a href="Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">havregrøt</i></span> or <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">havregraut</i></span>, <a href="Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hafragrautur</i></span>, <a href="Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kaurapuuro</i></span>, <a href="Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">kaerahelbepuder</i></span>, <a href="Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">auzu pārslu (putra)</i></span>, <a href="Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">avižinių dribsnių košė</i></span>, <a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">owsianka</i></span> and Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">овсянка</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">ovsyanka</i></span>).

</p><p>Oatmeal porridge has a long tradition in these regions, but during the <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> porridge made from <a href="Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> or <a href="Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> was even more common in at least some parts of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>In the United States, oatmeal is often served as a porridge<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with milk or cream and a sweetener, such as <a href="Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">brown sugar</a>, <a href="Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, or <a href="Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>. The term <i>oatmeal</i> is used in American English to mean <a href="Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>. It may include additional ingredients such as <a href="Peanut_butter" title="Peanut butter">peanut butter</a>, <a href="Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, or various types of fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3></div>

<p>In Nigeria, a common oatmeal dish known as zimbuleh is eaten during the winter months. Traditionally it is sweetened with raw <a href="Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and <a href="Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>. In the <a href="Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a> and Kwa Ibo regions it is often served alongside warm milk, and it is customary to pour the milk into the porridge just moments before eating.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

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</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Food preparations using oatmeal</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional">

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Quaker_Oats_Company" title="Quaker Oats Company">Quaker-brand</a> single-serving flavoured "instant" oatmeal packet to make a quick oat <a href="Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Baked oatmeal in a dish</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Oatmeal is a prime ingredient of <a href="Haggis" title="Haggis">haggis</a>, seen here at a <a href="Burns_supper" title="Burns supper">Burns supper</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Porridge" title="Porridge">Porridge</a> made from 1-minute quick-cooking rolled oats with raisins, peanut butter, honey, and cinnamon</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Apple oatmeal pizza</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Finely ground oatmeal with berries</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Oatcakes (top) with <a href="Clapshot" title="Clapshot">clapshot</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Atholl_brose" title="Atholl brose">Atholl brose</a>, a Scottish beverage</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">White (left) and black (right) puddings containing oatmeal</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

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</style>

<ul><li><a href="Brenntar" title="Brenntar">Brenntar</a> (oat porridge)</li>

<li><a href="Congee" title="Congee">Congee</a>, a rice porridge eaten in Asian countries</li>

<li><a href="Finnish_bread" title="Finnish bread">Finnish bread</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatmeal_raisin_cookie" title="Oatmeal raisin cookie">Oatmeal raisin cookie</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_porridges" title="List of porridges">List of porridges</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081224/http://www.nairns-oatcakes.com/about-us/to-the-mill/">"Nairn's (2010)"</a>. Nairns-oatcakes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nairns-oatcakes.com/about-us/to-the-mill/">the original</a> on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trowbridge Filippone, F. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homecooking.about.com/od/howtocookvegetables/a/oatmeal.htm">"Oatmeal Recipes and Cooking Tips"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525054823/http://homecooking.about.com/od/howtocookvegetables/a/oatmeal.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>About.com</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHosahalli_RamaswamyAmalendu_ChakravertyMujumdar,_Arun_S.Vijaya_Raghavan2003" class="citation book cs1">Hosahalli Ramaswamy; Amalendu Chakraverty; Mujumdar, Arun S.; Vijaya Raghavan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4N54Wn618YC&pg=PA358"><i>Handbook of postharvest technology: cereals, fruits, vegetables, tea, and spices</i></a>. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. pp. <span class="nowrap">358–</span>372. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8247-0514-5</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/">"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"</a>. p. 120.</cite> In: <cite id="CITEREFStallingsHarrisonOria2019" class="citation book cs1">Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". <i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>124. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353">10.17226/25353</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a href="Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookshelf ID (identifier)">NCBI</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428">NBK545428</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prewett's (manufacturer of oatmeal)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1997-01-23/pdf/97-1598.pdf">"21 CFR Part 101; Docket No. 95P–0197; RIN 0910–AA19; Food Labeling: Health Claims; Oats and Coronary Heart Disease"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Food and Drug Administration. 23 January 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEFSA_Panel_on_Dietetic_Products,_Nutrition_and_Allergies2010" class="citation journal cs1">EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2010.1885">"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease under Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"</a>. <i>EFSA Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (12): 1885. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2010.1885">10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1885</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXi_H,_Zhou_W,_Niu_Y,_Zhu_R,_Wang_S,_Guo_Y,_Liu_W,_Xiong_X,_Guo_L.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Xi H, Zhou W, Niu Y, Zhu R, Wang S, Guo Y, Liu W, Xiong X, Guo L. (2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212267222011960">"Effect of Oat Consumption on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"</a></span>. <i>J Acad Nutr Diet</i>. <b>123</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">809–</span>823. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jand.2022.11.010">10.1016/j.jand.2022.11.010</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435335">36435335</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libraryireland.com/SocialHistoryAncientIreland/III-XVII-6.php">"Corn and Its Preparations in Ancient Ireland"</a>. <i>www.libraryireland.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theenglishkitchen.co/2022/03/irish-stirabout.html">"Irish Stirabout"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inanirishhome.com/tag/irish-stirabout/">"Irish Stirabout"</a>. <i>In an Irish Home</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.askaboutireland.ie/learning-zone/primary-students/subjects/history/history-the-full-story/ireland-in-the-19th-centu/soup-kitchens-and-workhou/">"Soup Kitchens and Workhouses"</a>. <i>www.askaboutireland.ie</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterfordmuseum.ie/exhibit/web/Display/article/330/15/Desperate_Haven__The_Famine_in_Dungarvan_Workhouse_Diet_1850__1900_.html">"Workhouse Diet 1850 - 1900 - Desperate Haven - The Famine in Dungarvan - Waterford County Museum"</a>. <i>www.waterfordmuseum.ie</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCommons1892" class="citation web cs1">Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (January 10, 1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHUTAAAAYAAJ&dq=stirabout&pg=RA1-PA78">"Parliamentary Papers"</a>. H.M. Stationery Office – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOireachtais1931" class="citation web cs1">Oireachtais, Tithe an (July 9, 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/debate/dail/1931-07-09/7">"Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Cost of Victualling in Prisons. – Dáil Éireann (6th Dáil) – Thursday, 9 Jul 1931 – Tithe an Oireachtais"</a>. <i>www.oireachtas.ie</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOireachtas1959" class="citation web cs1">Oireachtas, Houses of the (June 30, 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1959-06-30/44">"Written Answers. - Dublin Prison Food Statistics. – Dáil Éireann (16th Dáil) – Tuesday, 30 Jun 1959 – Houses of the Oireachtas"</a>. <i>www.oireachtas.ie</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southampton1868" class="citation web cs1">University of Southampton (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.29940931">"Circular by Inspectors General of Prisons to Board of Superintendence of Irish County Prisons in reference to proposed Alteration in Prison Dietaries"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbcZAQAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England</i></a>. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 1859. p. 169.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.: Including a Journal of His Tour to the Hebrides.</i> Volume 3 by James Boswell. New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858. Page 11.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-XgBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA422"><i>The Food Journal</i></a>. London: J.M. Johnson & Sons. 1874<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 14,</span> 2010</span>. <q>The grain of oats, intended for human food, is generally prepared by being ground into meal; although it is also used in the form of groats, that is, of grain denuded of its husk, and merely broken into fragments. Oatmeal is of two kinds, both common in all shops in which it is sold, fine meal, and coarse or round meal. For various purposes, some prefer the one and some the other. There is no difference in quality, but merely in the degree to which the grain has been triturated in the mill.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-guardian1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSybil_Kapoor2010" class="citation news cs1">Sybil Kapoor (2010-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jan/07/sybil-kapoor-makes-perfect-porridge">"How to make perfect porridge | Life and style"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamlynsoats.co.uk/products/">"Oatmeal product list of a Scots manufacturer"</a>. Hamlynsoats.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-McNeill-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNeill_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, F. Marian (1929). <i>The Scots Kitchen</i>. Paperback: 259 pages, Edinburgh: Mercat Press; New Edition (25 Oct 2004) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-84183-070-4</bdi>, p202</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMairi_Robinson1987" class="citation book cs1">Mairi Robinson, ed. (1987). <i>The Concise Scots Dictionary</i>. Aberdeen University Press. p. 648. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-08-028492-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCloake2018" class="citation news cs1">Cloake, Felicity (2018-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/mar/02/how-to-make-the-perfect-staffordshire-oatcakes">"How to make the perfect Staffordshire oatcakes | Food"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ohlmarks, Åke (1995). <i>Fornnordiskt lexikon</i>. Tiden. p. 115</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMariani2014" class="citation book cs1">Mariani, John F. (February 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K5taAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT777"><i>Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62040-161-3</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasteofhome.com/recipes/peanut-butter-oatmeal/">"Peanut Butter Oatmeal"</a>. <i>www.tasteofhome.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oatmeal" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:oatmeal"><i>oatmeal</i></a> at Wiktionary</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oatmeal" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Oatmeal">Oatmeal</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Oats193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Avena" title="Avena">Avena</a></i> species and cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Avena_abyssinica" title="Avena abyssinica">Avena abyssinica</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Avena_insularis" title="Avena insularis">Avena insularis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Avena_nuda" title="Avena nuda">Avena nuda</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Avena_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Avena sativa">Avena sativa</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Kherson_oat" title="Kherson oat">Kherson oat</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Avena_byzantina" title="Avena byzantina">Avena byzantina</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Avena_strigosa" title="Avena strigosa">Avena strigosa</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic preparations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Groat_(grain)" title="Groat (grain)">Groat</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolled_oats" title="Rolled oats">Rolled oats</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel-cut_oats" title="Steel-cut oats">Steel-cut oats</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culinary usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anzac_biscuit" title="Anzac biscuit">Anzac biscuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Atholl_brose" title="Atholl brose">Atholl brose</a></li>

<li><a href="Avena_(drink)" title="Avena (drink)">Avena</a></li>

<li><a href="Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">Bannock</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">Black pudding</a></li>

<li><a href="Brenntar" title="Brenntar">Brenntar</a></li>

<li><a href="Cranachan" title="Cranachan">Cranachan</a></li>

<li><a href="Dock_pudding" title="Dock pudding">Dock pudding</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Slavic_fermented_cereal_soups" class="mw-redirect" title="West Slavic fermented cereal soups">fermented soup</a></li>

<li><a href="Flapjack_(oat_bar)" title="Flapjack (oat bar)">Flapjack</a></li>

<li><a href="Fruit_pudding" title="Fruit pudding">Fruit pudding</a></li>

<li><a href="Gomme_(food)" title="Gomme (food)">Gomme (food)</a></li>

<li><a href="Granola" title="Granola">Granola</a></li>

<li><a href="Gruel" title="Gruel">Gruel</a></li>

<li><a href="Havreflarn" title="Havreflarn">Havreflarn</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobnob_biscuit" title="Hobnob biscuit">Hobnob biscuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasha" title="Kasha">Kasha</a></li>

<li><a href="Muesli" title="Muesli">Muesli</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatmeal_ball" title="Oatmeal ball">Oatmeal ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Oat_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Oat bread">Oat bread</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatcake" title="Oatcake">Oatcake</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatmeal_Crisp" title="Oatmeal Crisp">Oatmeal Crisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatmeal_raisin_cookie" title="Oatmeal raisin cookie">Oatmeal raisin cookie</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatmeal_stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatmeal stout">Oatmeal stout</a></li>

<li><a href="Parkin_(cake)" title="Parkin (cake)">Parkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Porridge" title="Porridge">Porridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Skirlie" title="Skirlie">Skirlie</a></li>

<li><a href="Sowans" title="Sowans">Sowans</a></li>

<li><a href="Staffordshire_oatcake" title="Staffordshire oatcake">Staffordshire oatcake</a></li>

<li><a href="Stornoway_black_pudding" title="Stornoway black pudding">Stornoway black pudding</a></li>

<li><a href="Throdkin" title="Throdkin">Throdkin</a></li>

<li><a href="White_pudding" title="White pudding">White pudding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="It's-It_Ice_Cream" title="It's-It Ice Cream">It's-It Ice Cream</a></li>

<li><a href="Macroom_Oatmeal" title="Macroom Oatmeal">Macroom Oatmeal</a></li>

<li><a href="Maypo" title="Maypo">Maypo</a></li>

<li><a href="McCann's_Steel_Cut_Irish_Oatmeal" title="McCann's Steel Cut Irish Oatmeal">McCann's</a></li>

<li><a href="McOatmeal" class="mw-redirect" title="McOatmeal">McOatmeal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mornflake" title="Mornflake">Mornflake</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatly" title="Oatly">Oatly</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatmeal_Creme_Pie" title="Oatmeal Creme Pie">Oatmeal Creme Pie</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_Oats_Company" title="Quaker Oats Company">Quaker Oats</a></li>

<li><a href="Ready_Brek" title="Ready Brek">Ready Brek</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncle_Tobys" title="Uncle Tobys">Uncle Tobys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avenanthramide" title="Avenanthramide">Avenanthramide</a></li>

<li><a href="Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li>

<li><a href="Oatmeal_cookie_(cocktail)" title="Oatmeal cookie (cocktail)">Oatmeal cookie (cocktail)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_oat_diseases" title="List of oat diseases">Oat diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="Oat_sensitivity" title="Oat sensitivity">Oat sensitivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Smith_v_Hughes" title="Smith v Hughes">Smith v Hughes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2089240#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2089240#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85093605">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541007405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/eb7eca30-e2c9-4e4e-a673-9f991195f1db">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Oatmeal&oldid=1301279705">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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